余凌云 中国人民公安大学 教授


一、 引言
从历史上看，在裁量控制的路径上，英国人走的是司法的路子。这与他们的法律传统、宪政结构、社会诉求有关。几乎所有文献都采取司法本位，这一特色鲜明而夺目。他们一开始借助私法路径，尤其是侵权法上的疏忽大意，后来过渡到传统公法的越权无效和自然正义，并以此入手，发展出公法上的合理性审查，逐渐接近到裁量的自治内核，便嘎然而止。
这是一种比较安全的策略，先易后难。因为，无论是传统的越权无效还是正当程序，都是较为客观的审查，说服力强，不易产生争议。而合理性审查就游离在客观与主观之间，变得吊诡、复杂、难于把握。无怪乎，英文文献绝大部分聚讼于此。我们甚至可以武断地说，英国行政裁量的学说史，就是合理性原则的发展史。
让我们惊诧的是，英国人一旦觉得自由裁量必须受到控制，就走得相当坚决，相当彻底，也相当的远。法院拒绝不受拘束的或者绝对的裁量，所有形式的裁量都必须接受法院的审查，无论多么宽泛，也不论是以主观语言来表述。在英国当下，“没有不受司法审查的行政行为”，已然流行于坊间。更让人拍案的是，英国人采取了灵活多样、伸缩自如的审查，让司法干预随着审查对象和内容的不同，依据政治敏感性、行政自治程度等而变换着。这两点认识，无论哪一点摆到中国当下的情境中，拿我们的行政法理论与实践相对照，都是我们尚未企及的。
德国法中偶尔也提合理，但就结构清晰、层次分明以及重要性而言，远不及英国法。英国法的合理性原则也被澳大利亚、新西兰等国学者诵读、研磨与发扬。新西兰似乎更愿意采取狭义的“不合理”，更广义的概念是公正（fairness），而澳大利亚对“不合理”的理解与英国却几乎没有什么差别。
我有个直觉，上世纪80年代中后期出现在中国行政法教科书上的合理性原则，仿自英国，是龚祥瑞先生的作品带进来的影响。但一直以来，我们却缺乏对英国合理性原则的深入了解。运用一手文献进行研究的作品，更是少见。对于近年来席卷英国的欧陆裁量审查技术，及其在英国的实验成效，我们也知之甚少。从文献上看，我们对合理性原则的了解似乎还不如比例原则那样透彻。这显然对不起它在我国行政法教科书和官方文件上的重要地位。
或许也是因为缺少一个参照系，学术上出现了一些值得商榷的观点，比如，“合法审查为原则、合理审查为例外”、要进一步扩大“合理审查”，以及“流行欧洲的比例原则与英联邦的合理原则彼此不兼容，无法调和”等。于是，正本清源，为我国合理性原则的阐释和发展建立一个参考坐标，便成了本文的重要使命。
二、 历史的流变
合理性原则（the principle of reasonableness）既古老，又年轻，是流淌在英伦大地上的一条充满活力的溪流。“不合理”有着很悠远的私法根源，在合同、侵权、破产、贸易上都少不了它。只是之后的发展中，它找到了公法的坐标，才宣告了与私法“疏忽大意”（negligence）的分手。但历史的暧昧却缠绵至今，仍是学者争论不休的话题。
出现在司法格言上的行政机关合理行事义务（the duty of the executive to act reasonably），甚至可以追溯至十七世纪。韦德（Bill Wade）耙剔了Wednesbury案之前长达几个世纪的一长溜判例，都涉及合理性原则，不少法官在判决中也试图阐释“合理”（reasonable）。萨姆纳（Lord Sumner）说，（授权法中）“所表述的‘他们认为合适的’（as they think fit），必然暗含着诚实和合理之意味”。伦伯里（Lord Wrenbury）也说：“他（决定者——作者按）必须运用他的理智，确认并遵从理性所指引的方向。他必须合理行事”。[1] 但是，这些判例提到的“合理规则”（rule of reason），还不是独立的审查标准。[2]

在上个世纪40年代之前，合理性原则一度低迷，法官对它慎之又慎。这是因为它触碰到了行政裁量控制的最核心、最困难的实质问题。史密斯（de Smith）就说，在某种程度上，合理性是决定行政机关法律责任的实质性要素。[3] 要想在最接近行政自治的边缘，划出允许法院出入的区域，又不破坏分权，这无疑是很困难的。畏难情绪一度让“司法沉寂主义”（judicial quietism）盛行。

然而，40年代之后，经历了Wednesbury案、Padfield案，峰回路转。随着现代社会中的裁量问题日益突出，裁量领域不断扩大，控制裁量的要求愈发迫切，合理性原则也越来越频繁地被应用。有两组统计数据足以说明： [4]

（1） 在英国，1948年之后,大约有2500多起判例提到了Wednesbury和“不合理”，其中，2160起是在1990年1月1日以后做出的，所占比例超过了85%，1545起是在2000年1月1日以后做出的，占61%。
（2） 在westlaw上，按照全文有“unreasonable”、关键词和主题有“judicial review”的要求检索，截止2009年7月13日，共计610起判例，其中497起是1990年之后的，占81%。在全文中加上“Wednesbury”，共检索出282起判例，其中225起判例是1990年之后的，近乎80%。现在，几乎在每周案件报告（reported cases）之中都能看到。
近年来，对该标准的依赖之所以会激增，科恩（Margit Cohn）分析认为，一方面是迎合了1980年代中期英国公法改革之浪潮，另一方面是欧洲法、尤其是比例原则的实质性影响与驱动。 [5]根本原因，在我看来，恐怕还应该是出于对日益扩张的行政裁量的警惕与控制。

三、 三个经典判例
在英国的公法上缕析合理性原则，不能不提的具有标志性意义的判例，一个是Wednesbury案，它激活了合理性原则，列出了“不合理”基本内涵的表述公式，使之从抽象到具体。另一个是Padfield案，它翻开了一个新纪元（opened a new era），让合理性原则真正复兴。再有一个就是CCSU案，它让这类审查标准自成一体，另立门户，成就了一番气派。
1、 Wednesbury案
在英国，谈不合理审查，就不能不提Associated Provincial Picture Houses v. Wednesbury Corporation (1948)。现在人们朗朗上口的“the Wednesbury principle”、“Wednesbury unreasonableness”、“on Wednesbury grounds”、“unreasonableness in the Wednesbury sense”，都与该案有关。
Wednesbury案，被誉为“法律上的贝多芬第五交响曲”，案情并不复杂。在一个叫Wednesbury的小镇上，一个电影院欲申请许可。星期天娱乐法（the Sunday Entertainment Act 1932）授权行政机关在发放许可时可以“加入其认为适当的条件”。行政机关搭附了一个条件，要电影院承诺周末不让15岁以下的未成年人独自上哪儿。电影院不乐意，告上法庭。案情平淡无奇，原告也不曾如愿。但主审法官格林（Lord Greene）在判决中对“不合理”一席阐述，让它变为永恒。
格林的整个判决只有两个核心观点： [6]

第一， 他提出并描述了基于“不合理”而出现的违法形态。与传统的合理行使权力（powers must be exercise reasonably）要求相比，格林给出的是更加精确、严格的标准。具体而言，包括两种违法形态：
一个是弱的、宽泛和一般意义上的不合理（weak, broad, or general unreasonableness），包括不适当目的（improper purpose）、相关和不相关考虑（relevant and irrelevant considerations），以及恶意（bad faith）。它们彼此相近，又相对独立，且能够相对客观地判断。
另一个是强意义上的不合理（strong unreasonableness），也就是（行政决定）“如此荒谬，任何明智之士都不会想到它属于行政机关的权限范围”，或者“如此错误，任何理性的人都不会持有这种看法”。这是Wednesbury的核心与难点，也称为狭义的Wednesbury不合理或者狭义上的“不合理”。格林把它设计为“最后的手段”（a last resort）。只有当行政决定跳过了其他所有审查标准，而行政决定依然不能为法院接受，不符合公平观念时，才能诉诸这个标准。这一格调也限定了Wednesbury不合理在当时的意义。
第二， 他敏锐地洞察到上述不合理的所有标准或理由彼此之间都可能会重合，因此，无论在理论上还是在实践中，都没有必要做到彼此区分干净。
格林的整个努力就是归拢“不合理”标准的内涵与关系，他的杰出贡献在于，他提出了“不合理”只是越权无效（ultra vires）的潜在的实际延伸。只有行政机关的裁量违反了法律，法院才能干预。这样的勾连，让法官更加放胆踏入这块敏感的领域，夯实了法院干预的正当性基础。
2、 Padfield案
Padfield v. Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food （1968）案是另一个经典，被丹宁（Lord Denning）誉为“现代行政法的一个里程碑”，“不合理”只有到了该案，才真正复活（genuinely revived）。
这是一起有关牛奶经销计划（the milk marketing scheme）的纠纷。临近伦敦的一个地区的牛奶生产商抱怨，牛奶经销委员会（the Milk Marketing Board）确定的价格没有反映运输成本的增加，自二战以来一直没有改变过。但该地区在委员会中属于少数派，价格调高又会损害其他地区的利益，所以，没有说动委员会。
根据1958年的农业经销法（the Agricultural Marketing Act），在这种情况下，部长有权指令一个调查委员会（a committee of investigation）去听取此类抱怨并呈递报告，部长可以根据调查委员会的建议，推翻牛奶经销委员会的决定。在该案中，部长认为，既然该地区牛奶生产商已在牛奶经销委员会上陈述意见了，就表明其同意关于经销计划的通常民主机制。他的属下又鲁莽地补充道，假如调查委员会作出有利于该地区的报告，那么，部长有可能采取行动。主审法官里德（Lord Reid）认为，这简直是糟糕透顶的理由（plainly a bad reason），因为法律授予部长的恰好是纠正“通常民主机制”的权力。
该案之所以在英国行政法上具有重大意义，是因为它提出了英国行政裁量理论上的一个重要命题，即“任何裁量都必须接受法院的审查”。即使是主观语言，也必须给出客观解释。诚如Lord Denning事后评价的，法定机构的裁量从来不是不受拘束的。
该案的另一个潜在意义是要求行政机关必须对其决定说明理由。在上议院看来，通过不给出决定的理由来逃避法院的控制，是不可接受的。 [7]这让合理性审查与程序性审查之间有了沟通，通过向后者的转换，避开步入优劣审查，使法官、公众更易于接受。

3、 CCSU案
在英国司法审查的发展史上，Council of Civil Service Unions v. Minister for the Civil Service （1985）案留下了很多经典，其中之一就是将历史上杂乱无章的司法审查标准条分缕析，重新整理一番，归为三类，条理多了，并让“非理性”（irrationality）成为了一个能够独自站立的标准。
政府通信总部（Government Communications Headquarters，简称GCHQ）负责政府通信与情报工作，对国家安全至关重要。其雇员上千人加入了各种全国性工会。当时，按照工会安排，GCHQ的雇员也在单位参加了几次旨在反对撒切尔政府的行动，包括罢工一天、怠工运动、反对加班等。考虑到该机构对国家安全的重要性，撒切尔未事先征求工会意见，就宣布该机构的雇员不得隶属工会，只能加入一个经批准的雇员协会。而按照以往惯例，对公务员雇佣条件的任何改变，都得事先征求工会意见。所以，工会认为，其有权要求听证。遂发生争执，诉诸法院。
在该案中，主审法官迪普洛克（Lord Diplock）没有继续援用格林（Lord Greene）的Wednesbury不合理，而是提出了另外一个概念——“非理性”。并认为，它可以用自己的双脚站立，成为司法审查的一个独立标准。法官运用其训练与经验，是可以摸到这个标准的边际的。
迪普洛克给出的“非理性”公式是，行政决定“太违拗逻辑和公共道德标准，任何明智之士考虑这个问题时都不会做出这样的决定”。这仍然是一个很高的门槛。从英国后来的判例看，即便法官在判决中引用了“非理性”，行政机关的所作所为也不见得真正达到了“太违拗逻辑和公共道德标准”的程度。
迪普洛克是在格林提出“不合理”之后，又另辟蹊径，引入了“非理性”概念。它们都是有关实质性审查的。那么，是否有差别呢？
有的学者认为有。比如莱斯特（Anthony Lester）就做了一番分析：迪普洛克的“非理性”（irrationality）是从“不合法”（illegality）中剥离而出，格林所指的“目的不适当”和“相关考虑”，在迪普洛克的概念体系中应当属于“不合法”（illegality）范畴，而不是“非理性”。所以，迪普洛克说的“非理性”只是狭义上的实质性审查标准。 [8]

但也有的学者认为，它们其实是一回事。凯恩（Peter Cane）认为，“非理性通常是指不合理”。 [9]迪普洛克自己也说：（非理性）“现在可以简要地称之为Wednesbury不合理”。 [10]我也觉得它们应该是一回事。
国务院办公厅


国务院办公厅转发国家旅游局关于加强旅游工作意见的通知(附英文)
国务院办公厅


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过竞争确定承包者。承包合同期限，一般不应少于3年。承包合同一经确定，承发包双方都要严格履行，不得违反。实行承包经营责任制，要和改进企业管理、促进企业内部管理制度的改革紧密结合起来，按照责、权、利相结合的原则，进一步改革和完善企业的劳动工资制度，严格考核和
奖罚制度。
四、改革旅行社管理体制。鼓励、支持国旅、中旅、青旅三大骨干旅行社向建立企业联合体和企业集团的方向发展。对已开办的各类旅行社，国家旅游局和地方旅游管理部门要按照《旅行社管理暂行条例》和《旅行社管理暂行条例实施细则》进行考核和整顿。各类旅行社都要切实搞好
企业内部改革，进一步挖掘潜力，促进经营管理水平和服务质量的提高。
五、加强旅游对外宣传招徕工作，努力开拓国际客源市场。国家旅游局要进一步加强对国际客源市场的调查研究，制定开拓国际市场的具体规划并组织实施。驻外旅游办事处要搞好国际旅游市场调研和宣传招徕，负责各外联单位在外宣传招徕的管理工作，积极开展与驻在国有关机构、
旅行社和旅游批发商等的联系，并注意搜集和反馈有关信息。各驻外办事机构在驻在国法律许可的范围内，也可酌情开展一些有偿服务或经营性活动。各外联单位在对外推销旅游线路时，要互相配合，顾全大局，不得低于保护价竞销或相互贬低。鼓励提倡各外联单位自愿组织起来，开展对
外联合推销。对于违反外联纪律的，国家旅游局和地方旅游管理部门要根据情节轻重给予行政处分或经济处罚。为适应我国旅游业发展的需要，旅游宣传推销经费可逐年有所增加。今后各外联单位开展对外联合推销活动，可采取收费的办法，凡参加及受益单位均需缴纳一定费用。
六、加强对新建旅游涉外饭店的宏观管理，推进饭店管理制度改革。各级旅游管理部门要认真贯彻执行今年9月22日国务院发布的《楼堂馆所建设管理暂行条例》，会同当地计划部门，对本地区旅游涉外饭店项目进行认真清理。今后，各地一般不要再建设高档旅游涉外饭店。温冷点
地区可根据旅游客源市场需求，酌建中低档饭店（可视需要在中档饭店内设若干高档房间）。北京、上海、广州、桂林、西安、杭州等旅游热点城市，原则上不再批准中外合资或合作建造饭店。要按照国办发〔1988〕17号文件精神，加快建立我国自己的饭店管理公司。对确需新建中
外合资、合作饭店的，必须按照国发〔1986〕101号和国办发〔1988〕32号文件有关规定办理。对于由国家旅游局投资或参与投资建设的旅游风景区和游览点，地方旅游管理部门要参与领导和管理。推进饭店管理制度的改革。全国旅游涉外饭店星级评定工作，已有具体标准和
实施办法，要抓紧进行，争取明年底完成。要逐步建立旅游涉外饭店（包括各类旅行社和旅游车船公司）营业许可证发放和吊销制度。旅游主管部门对有严重违法乱纪行为的旅游企业，可建议工商行政管理部门吊销其营业执照。
七、审慎进行旅游价格方面的改革，加强对旅游外汇收支及结汇的管理。旅游价格问题直接关系到国家的利益和声誉，要不断进行调查研究，作出审慎的改革，并按规定报批。要充分考虑适应国际竞争需要，根据不同旅游路线、不同季节等特点，改革价格结构模式，更加科学、合理地
制定价格（国家旅游局和国家物价局今后主要是制定最高限价和最低保护价）。价格原则一经确定，各级、各类旅游企业都应严格执行。对于违反价格纪律的，要严肃处理。 国家旅游局要会同国家统计局、国家外汇管理局、财政部、中国银行等部门，在加强对旅游外汇收支统计工作的同
时，进一步加强对旅游外汇的收支管理，建立旅游外汇结汇制度，并纳入计划；要研究制定《旅游外汇管理办法》和《旅游外汇财务管理办法》，报国务院批准后实施，以尽快扭转目前旅游外汇收入流失严重的状况。
八、大力发展旅游商品、旅游纪念品的生产和销售，进一步提高我国旅游业的创汇水平和经济效益。搞好旅游商品、旅游纪念品的生产和销售是旅游业一个重要组成部分，也是为国家创汇的重要途径之一。要逐步建立起全国旅游商品、旅游纪念品的生产和销售网络。要以国家旅游局所
属的“中国旅游服务公司”系统、轻工部现有的“中国旅游产品生产供应公司”系统、商业部现有的“中国友谊服务公司”系统为基础，发挥其主导作用，进一步扩大业务，形成各具特色、经营不同旅游商品和旅游纪念品的企业体系。这些企业系统，可以有计划地兴办一批旅游纪念品生产
基地和研究国际旅游商品、旅游纪念品市场行情、开发新产品的科研单位，逐步使科研开发与产供销紧密结合。要鼓励各地特别是旅游重点地区大力发展具有民族风格、地方特色的旅游商品和旅游纪念品的生产，增加花色品种，广开货源渠道，改善销售服务，加强市场管理。要落实国务院
早已确定的“旅游商品创汇视同外贸出口创汇”的规定，并研究制定具体办法；对外贸出口中属于非实行出口许可证管理的商品，要进一步扩大对国外旅游者的销售；旅游商品、旅游纪念品的销售价格，要根据不同商品的货源情况、国际市场行情和经贸部门的具体销售方针，灵活掌握；发
展旅游商品、旅游纪念品生产所需国内紧缺的专用原材料，各级物资部门要纳入供货渠道；必须由国家统一进口的原材料，要纳入国家进口计划；对所需进口的专用原材料，按国办发〔1987〕16号文件有关规定执行。北京、上海、广州是海外旅游者出入境的三大口岸，要逐步建设成
为亚洲地区有一定规模和声誉的旅游购物城市。 目前一些旅游涉外饭店用大量外汇进口内装修材料、卫生洁具、机电设备和零部件，为尽快改变这种状况，今后对凡属于国内已能生产的产品，价格合理，质量、交货期等方面又能保证需要的，应一律停止进口。建议由有关部门提出限制进
口的产品目录，并由行业归口管理部门进行审批。
九、加强旅游从业人员的队伍建设，抓好职业道德和职业纪律教育。要进一步抓好旅游院校教育工作和从业人员的培训工作，大力培养不同层次、不同类别的旅游专业人才。要强化职业道德和职业纪律教育，不断提高旅游从业人员的政治、业务素质，树立旅游职业的光荣感和责任感，
反对各种不正之风，进一步提高旅游服务质量，搞好优质服务，使我国旅游业在国际上建立良好的信誉和形象。
十、加强与各有关部门的协调配合。旅游业是一项综合性事业，其发展不仅取决于旅游部门本身的工作，而且与航空、交通、城建、园林、文物、文化、轻工、纺织、商业、宗教事务等很多部门的工作紧密相关。旅游业又是一项跨地区的行业，大量的组织工作和实际工作要靠地方去做
，需要协调一致。各级旅游管理部门要进一步与有关部门密切配合，共同努力，促进我国旅游事业更加健康协调地发展。

CIRCULAR OF THE GENERAL OFFICE UNDER THE STATE COUNCIL ON THEAPPROVAL AND TRANSMISSION OF A REPORT SUBMITTED BY THE NATIONAL TOURISMADMINISTRATION CONCERNING THE STRENGTHENING OF TOURIST WORK

Important Notice: (注意事项)

英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)

CIRCULAR OF THE GENERAL OFFICE UNDER THE STATE COUNCIL ON THE
APPROVAL AND TRANSMISSION OF A REPORT SUBMITTED BY THE NATIONAL TOURISM
ADMINISTRATION CONCERNING THE STRENGTHENING OF TOURIST WORK
(December 21, 1988)
The Report, "Suggestions Concerning the Strengthening of Tourist Work",
submitted by the National Tourism Administration, has been approved by the
State Council and is hereby transmitted to you for implementation in the
light of the actual conditions of the respective localities and
departments.
The tourist industry is a comprehensive undertaking which involves
departments such as aviation, communications, culture, construction, light
industry, textile industry, and commerce. All the departments concerned
shall coordinate and support each other and make joint efforts to promote
the sound and coordinated development of tourism in our country.
SUGGESTIONS CONCERNING THE STRENGTHENING OF TOURIST WORK
Since the conclusion of the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central
Committee of the Communist Party of China, under the guidance of the
policy of reform and opening to the outside world, tourism has been
developing very rapidly in our country; and it has played an active part
in increasing our country's non-trade foreign exchange earnings, in
boosting international trade and cultural exchange, and in promoting the
mutual understanding and friendship between peoples throughout the world.
At present, our country possesses a fairly good foundation for the
development of tourism and the necessary conditions for speeding up such
development. The general trend of continuous and steady development of the
international tourism is also favourable to us for promoting our tourist
industry. In order to further strengthen the coordinated administration of
tourist work and strive for a greater development of our tourist industry,
we hereby advance the following suggestions:

1. Strengthening the administration of the tourist industry and doing a
good job in the reform of tourism administration organs at various levels.
The people's governments of various provinces, autonomous regions, and
municipalities directly under the Central Government, as well as tourist
cities, especially those favourite haunts with relatively rich tourist
resources, shall, in accordance with the principles of "separating Party
organs from government organs", "separating government organs from
enterprises", and "simplified and unified administration", and in the
light of local conditions and needs of the development of international
and domestic tourism, set up and improve the tourism administration organs
by combining them with the reform of local setups and making overall
arrangements. The tourism administration departments at various levels
shall make timely and specific adjustments to their responsibilities,
clearly define their scope of duties, and rationally deploy their
organizations. In order to effect the separation of government organs from
enterprises, it is imperative to lay stress on the following measures:
(1) The persons in charge of the tourism administration departments shall
not assume concurrently posts of manager of local tourist companies,
tourist agencies, or hotels;
(2) The tourism bureaus shall be completely separated from the enterprises
directly under them in the administration of such aspects as personnel,
finance, and materials, so that the tourist enterprises shall carry on
their business operations independently, and assume sole responsibility
for their profits and losses;
(3) The expenses for the tourism administration departments at various
levels to conduct tourist business operations shall be appropriated by the
finance departments at various levels. In order to strengthen the
connections between tourism administration departments and tourist opera-
ting units, the National Tourism Administration shall, in accordance with
the requirements of work, make necessary adjustments with regard to the
"China Association of Tourism" and the "China Association of Tourist
Hotels", and establish thereby the "China Association of Domestic
Tourism", which shall assist the competent authorities for tourism in
coordinating relations with other departments concerned and in studying
and providing guidance to the development of domestic tourism.

2. Further clarifying the scope of responsibility and the limits of powers
of the tourist administration bureaus, and establishing a system of graded
administration. The subordinative relationship of all the tourist
enterprises and tourist institutions throughout the country-including
institutes and schools of tourism, research institutes of tourism, tourist
agencies that are engaged in the international and domestic tourist
industries; various categories of tourist hotels, guest houses,
restaurants, and tourist automobile and vessels companies for the
reception of foreign tourists; key tourist scenic spots, tourist
attractions, and shops selling tourist goods that are open to foreigners;
tourist representative offices abroad, as well as the tourist
representative offices established in China by foreign tourist agencies-to
the competent administrative authorities directly over them shall remain
unchanged; but the tourist bureau shall, in accordance with the provisions
of the State, implement the system of trade administration, inspection,
and supervision. The tourism administration departments at various levels
shall treat tourist enterprises of various categories equally without
discrimination. The National Tourism Administration shall, in accordance
with the aforesaid principle, and working in coordination with other
departments concerned, make a study of, and work out, ways to implement
the system of graded administration and effect a stricter procedure in
examining and approving the establishment of tourist enterprises. All the
tourist enterprises and tourist institutions shall, without exception,
subject themselves to trade administration and supervision.

3. Deepening the reform in a comprehensive way and implementing the
responsibility system of contracted business operations. The tourism
administration departments at various levels and the departments that run
tourist enterprises shall, taking into consideration the actual conditions
of the local areas and of their own departments, and in accordance with
the pertinent provisions of the State, make a study of, and submit a
report on, a specific plan and practicable procedures for the
implementation of the responsibility system of contracted business
operations in state-run and collectively-run tourist enterprises and, at
the same time, formulate other provisions to perfect such a system. In the
course of implementing the aforesaid responsibility system of contracted
business operations, different forms of contracted business operations may
be adopted, in accordance with the differences in the nature of business
operations (tourists agencies, tourist hotels specialized in receiving
foreign guests, fleets of tourist automobiles and vessels) and business
operations of different conditions (enterprises with profits, enterprises
that have to repay loans, enterprises suffering losses and with a
deficit). All those enterprises that have foreign exchange earnings shall
carry out a contracted target for earning foreign exchange, and work out a
corresponding method for the administration of the settlement of the
exchange. Enterprises, which possess the necessary conditions, may
gradually set up risk funds for themselves. The contractor shall be
finally determined, through various kinds of competition, such as by
inviting tenders, or by advertising for employment. The contract period
shall, in principle, be no shorter than 3 years. Once a contract is
confirmed and signed, the two parties, the contractor and the party
awarding the contract, shall execute the contract strictly, and under no
circumstances shall it be violated. The implementation of the
responsibility system of contracted business operations calls for a close
integration of the improvement of enterprise management and the promotion
of reform in the internal administration system of enterprises, and for
further efforts in reforming and improving the labour wage system and the
policy of reward and punishment, in accordance with the principle of
combining responsibility, power, and profit.

4. Reforming the administration system of tourist agencies. The three
backbone travel services-China International Travel Service, China Travel
Service, and China Youth Travel Service-shall be encouraged and supported
to develop towards the establishment of an integrated complex or
enterprise group.
With respect to those tourist agencies of various categories that have
already been set up, the National Tourism Administration and local tourism
administration departments shall carry out assessment and rectification in
accordance with the provisions in Interim Regulations on the
Administration of Tourist Agencies and Rules of Implementation for Interim
Regulations on the Administration of Tourist Agencies. Tourist agencies of
various categories shall all carry out effectively the reform in the
internal work of their respective tourist agencies, further tap their
potentials, so as to raise standard of their operation and administration,
and to improve the quality of their services.

5. Strengthening overseas tourist publicity and the endeavouring for
soliciting tourists, and striving to expand the international market for
foreign tourists. The National Tourism Administration shall make further
efforts in investigating and analyzing the market for international
tourists, work out specific plans for the expansion of the said
international market, and take measures to put it into practice. Our
resident representative tourist offices abroad shall try their best to
investigate into the market for international tourists and carry out
publicity work for soliciting visiting tourists, take the responsibility
to supervise the publicity and soliciting endeavour carried out abroad by
units in charge of liaison work with foreign countries, actively make
contacts with the institutions concerned, tourist agencies and tourist
wholesalers in countries where our representative tourist offices are
resident, and pay attention to collecting and feeding back relevant
information. Various resident representative tourist offices abroad may,
within the scope of law of the respective countries where they are
resident, and at their discretion, undertake some paid services or other
business operational activities.
Various units in charge of liaison work with foreign countries, while
canvassing among foreigners for tourists itineraries, shall work in close
coordination and take the interests of the whole country into account.
They may not play down the others and compete against them by offering
prices lower than the protective price. Various units in charge of liaison
work with foreign countries shall be encouraged to collaborate on a
voluntary basis to canvass jointly among foreigners. With respect to those
who have violated external liaison disciplines, the National Tourism
Administration and the local tourism administration departments shall,
depending on the seriousness of the cases, impose disciplinary sanctions,
or economic penalty, on the violators. In order to meet the needs of the
development of the tourist industry in our country, the outlay for
conducting tourist publicity and canvassing abroad may be increased with
each passing year. From now on, various units in charge of liaison work
with foreign countries, when canvassing jointly among foreigners may
collect service charges: all units that take part in the canvassing
activities and derive benefits there from shall pay the charges.

6. Strengthening the macro-administration of those newly-built tourist
hotels that specialize in receiving foreign guests and promoting the
reform of hotel administration system. The tourism administration
departments at various levels shall conscientiously implement Interim
Regulations on the Construction and Administration of Storied Buildings,
Halls, Hotels and Guest Houses, promulgated by the State Council on
September 22, 1988, and, working in coordination with the local planning
departments, carry out a checking-up on the projects of local tourist
hotels that specialize in receiving foreign guests. From now on, in
principle, no more high-grade tourist hotels that specialize in receiving
foreign guests shall be built in any place. In areas less frequented than
favourite tourist haunts, medium-and low-grade hotels may be built, in
accordance with the tourist market's demand, and depending on the actual
circumstances, (a number of highgrade rooms may be provided in a
medium-grade hotel, if necessary). In such highly frequented tourist
cities as Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Guilin, Xi'an, and Hangzhou, no
new hotel construction projects with Chinese-foreign joint investment or
by Chinese-foreign cooperation shall, in principle, be approved. In
accordance with the guideline of Document No. 17 (1988) issued by the
General Office under the State Council, it shall be imperative to speed up
the establishment of the hotel administration company of our own country.
In cases where necessity arises for the building of new hotels in form of
Chinese-foreign joint ventures or Chinese-foreign contractual joint
venture, the cases shall be handled in accordance with the provisions in
Document No. 101 (1986) and Document No. 32 (1988), issued by the General
Office under the State Council. As regards the tourist scenic spots and
tourist attraction, built and facilitated with, or partly with the
investment of the National Tourism Administration, the local tourism
administration departments shall take part in the leadership and
administration of the aforesaid tourist places.
Promoting the reform in the hotel administration system. There are now
specific standards for the "star-rating" of the country's tourist hotels
that specialize in receiving foreign guests; the rating process shall be
speeded up and strive to complete the task by the end of next year. The
system for issuing and revoking business licence for tourist hotels that
specialize in receiving foreign guests (including various categories of
tourist agencies and tourist automobiles and vessels companies) shall be
gradually set up. With respect to those tourist enterprises that have
committed serious illegal acts, the competent authorities for tourism may
suggest to the relevant administrative departments for industry and
commerce that the business licences of the aforesaid enterprises be
revoked.

7. Carrying out, with caution, the reform in tourist prices, and
strengthening the administration of the receipts and expenditures in
foreign exchange as well as the settlement of exchange relating to tourist
enterprises. The problem of tourist prices has a direct bearing on the
interests and reputation of the State; therefore it is imperative to
conduct careful investigation and studies before taking cautious steps in
the reform, and submit the reform plan to higher authorities for approval.
It is necessary to reform the price structure so as to fix the tourist
prices more scientifically and reasonably by taking into full
consideration the necessity to meet the challenge of international
competition, and in accordance with the special features of different
tourist itineraries and different seasons (from now on, the National
Tourism Administration and the State Administration for Commodity Prices
shall chiefly fix the ceiling price and the floor price - the protective
price). Once the price principles are determined, the tourist enterprises
at various levels and of various categories shall execute them strictly.
Those who have violated the price discipline shall be dealt with
seriously.
The National Tourism Administration shall, working in coordination with
such departments as the State Statistical Bureau, the State Administration
of Foreign Exchange Control, the Ministry of Finance, and the Bank of
China, strengthen the statistical work on the tourist enterprises'
receipts and expenditures, and tighten the control of the foreign exchange
receipts and expenditures of the tourist enterprises, establish the system
for the settlement of tourist foreign exchange, and bring this work into
line with the State plan. It is imperative to formulate, through studies,
the Measures for Foreign Exchange Control in Tourism and the Measures for
the Financial Administration of Foreign Exchange in Tourism, and submit
these two documents to the State Council for approval before
implementation so as to reverse as early as possible the present situation
of serious drain on foreign exchange earnings from tourism.

8. Developing vigorously the manufacture and marketing of tourist goods
and tourist souvenirs, increasing the volume of the foreign exchange
earning from tourism in our country and improving its economic results.
The manufacture and marketing of tourist goods and tourist souvenirs
constitute an important component part of the tourist industry, and is
also an important channel for earning foreign exchange for the State. It
is imperative to establish gradually a nationwide network for the
production and marketing of tourist goods and tourist souvenirs. For the
aforesaid purpose, the "China Tourist Services Company" under the National
Tourism Administration, the "China Tourist Products Production and Supply
Company" under the Ministry of Light Industry, and the "China Friendship
Services Company" under the Ministry of Commerce shall be taken as the
foundation; their leading role shall be brought into full play, and their
businesses shall be further expanded so that they shall grow into
complexes of enterprises specialized in different lines of business,
handling different assortments of tourist goods and tourist souvenirs.
These complexes of enterprises may establish, in a planned way, a number
of production bases for the production of tourist souvenirs, and a number
of research institutes for carrying on studies in the marketing quotations
of international tourist goods and tourist souvenirs and for developing
new products, so that scientific research and product development will be
combined in the integrated process of production-supply-marketing. It is
necessary to encourage various places, especially the key tourist areas,
to vigorously develop the production of tourist goods and tourist
souvenirs that are of national style with various local colours, to
increase designs and varieties, to expand channels for sources of goods,
to improve sales service, and to strengthen market administration. It is
imperative to implement conscientiously the provisions approved long ago
by the State Council: "the foreign exchange earned through the sales of
tourist goods shall be deemed as the foreign exchange earned by foreign
trade" and to formulate, through studies, specific measures for carrying
out the said provisions; with respect to those export goods which do not
come under the licence control, it is important to expand their sales to
foreign tourists; the selling prices of tourist goods and tourist
souvenirs shall be handled flexibly in accordance with the different
conditions of goods supply, the international market quotations, and the
specific marketing policy pursued by the economic and trade departments.

The special raw and processed materials which are needed for the
development of the production of tourist goods and tourist souvenirs and
are in short supply in the country, shall be brought into the goods supply
channels handled by the departments of goods and materials at various
levels; those raw and processed materials that are imported solely by the
State shall be brought into the plan for importation executed by the
State; the special imported raw and processed materials needed shall be
handled in accordance with the pertinent provisions in Document No. 16
(1987) issued by the General Office under the State Council. As Beijing,
Shanghai, and Guangzhou are the three main ports of entry and exit for
overseas tourists, they shall be turned into cities with sizable tourist
shopping centres and good reputation in Asia. At present, some tourist
hotels that specialize in receiving foreign guests spend a large amount of
foreign exchange in importing fitting-up materials, sanitary utensils,
machinery and electrical equipment, and spare and component parts. In
order to change this situation without delay, from now on, all similar
products which can already be manufactured in our country and reasonably
priced and whose quality and delivery time can be guaranteed shall cease
to be imported. We suggest that a catalogue of products to be restricted
in importation be put forward by the departments concerned and the
importation of the aforesaid products shall be examined and approved by
the administrative departments of the trades concerned.

9. Strengthening the building of a contingent of tourist personnel and
paying close attention to the education in professional ethics and
professional discipline. It is imperative to improve the educational work
in schools and institutes of tourism and the professional training of
tourist personnel, especially the training of qualified specialized
personnel at various levels and of different categories. It is also
imperative to intensify the education in professional ethics and
professional discipline, so as to improve the political and professional
quality of tourist personnel, to foster a sense of honour and
responsibility, to oppose all kinds of unhealthy tendencies, to improve
the quality of tourist services and offer high-quality services, thus
enabling our tourist industry to establish good international reputation
and image.

10. Strengthening the coordination between different departments
concerned. The tourist industry is a comprehensive undertaking, the
development of which relies not only on its own work, but also on the
close coordination with such organizations as the departments of aviation,
communications, city construction, gardens and parks, historical relics,
culture, light industry, textile industry, commerce, and religious
affairs. The tourist industry is also a trans-regional trade, and a large
amount of organizational work shall be done by the local departments; a
harmonious coordination is thus indispensable. Tourist departments at
various levels shall strengthen their coordination with other departments
concerned and make joint efforts in promoting a sound and co-ordinated
development of the tourist industry in our country.



1988年12月21日