安乐死的立法历程及其合法化探究
石化东
内容提要:安乐死是一个争议已久的问题,一直困扰着理论界和司法界。长期以来,安乐死的合法性被世界各国所怀疑,尽管民间作了大量的努力,但成果不大。不过,安乐死的合法化作为一种价值选择的趋势,已逐渐为各国人们所接受。本文通过对安乐死的国内外立法历程、合法性争论和安乐死合法化的精神探源等几个方面的分析和论证后,认为我国应确立安乐死,但实行的时机并不成熟,尚需缓行,更要有严格限制。
关键词:安乐死 立法历程 合法化 精神探源 构想
安乐死(Euthanasia⑵)一语源自于希腊语“美丽的死”,又称安乐术,或称怜杀⑴(Mercy killing)。他意指对于死期迫在眼前而有难忍的、剧烈的身体痛苦而又患有不治之症的病人,应其真挚而恳切的要求,为了使其摆脱痛苦而采取人道的方法让其安然死去的行为。根据一般的安乐死分类方法,安乐死可分为积极安乐死和消极安乐死,还可以分为自愿安乐死、非自愿安乐死和无法知悉本人意愿的安乐死(如病人为婴儿或植物人等)。积极安乐死是指采用积极的措施去结束垂危病人弥留在痛苦之中的生命,具体做法是给病人注射毒剂或给服毒性药品等。消极安乐死是指停止对垂危病人的治疗措施,停止对病人的营养支持,尤其是指停止使用现代医学设备和手段抢救病人,让病人自行死亡,这种做法往往被认为更不人道。通常所讲的安乐死,主要指积极安乐死。
一、 国内外安乐死立法进程研究
1905年,由弗朗西斯·培根首创,英语中才有enthanasia这个词用以指代“安乐死”,但是,安乐死的观念和实践却历史悠久。在古斯巴达,人们即认为,不健康的婴儿可予处死,而留下安乐死的纪录。在古罗马和古希腊,杀死婴儿、自杀和各种安乐死行为更是广为人们接受。纵观各国安乐死立法的历程,最早出现的是1906年美国俄亥俄州的安乐死法案。30年后,英国于1936年成立了自愿安乐死协会,且于同年向英国国会提出了安乐死法案:要求人们签署一份申请书,申请者必须超出21周岁,患有伴随性严重疼痛的不可治疗的致命疾病。签署时需要有两个证明人在场,递交由卫生部任命的“安乐死审查人”审查。该年美国也发起成立了“自愿安乐死协会”,但由于有披着“合法杀人”外衣的嫌疑,遭到了民众的纷纷反对。1938年,希特勒借口实施安乐死,建立了安乐死中心,杀死20多万人,这使安乐死笼罩上恐怖的阴影,阻碍了安乐死的蓬勃发展。1939年至1976年美英等国均提出过安乐死法案,但均未获通过。直到1976年9月30日,加利福尼亚州州长签署了第一个《自然死亡法》⑶(加利福尼亚州健康安全法),规定“任何成年人可执行一个指令,旨在临终条件下中止维持生命的措施”。这是第一次使“生前遗嘱”这类书面文件具有法律的权威。是年,在日本东京举行了“国际安乐死的讨论会”,会议宣称要尊重人的“尊严的死”的权利。1993年2月9日荷兰参议院通过了关于“没有希望治愈的病人有权要求结束自己生命”的法案,成为世界上第一个通过安乐死立法的国家。这给一直处于低潮的安乐死运动注入了一支强心针,极大的推动了安乐死合法化运动的进一步发展。受此影响,澳大利亚北部地区于1995年也通过了类似的法案,但于半年后被废止。2001年荷兰上下两院以绝对优势通过了安乐死合法化的法案。为了避免滥用安乐死,造成非正常的死亡,法案本身规定了非常严格的条件:“首先,病人必须是成人,申请安乐死的病人必须自愿,而且必须是病人深思熟虑之后所作出的坚定不移的决定;其次,病人必须在无法忍受病痛的情况下才能申请安乐死;再次,病人所患疾病必须要经过两名医生的诊断,慎重的确定安乐死的方式。”⑷于是荷兰成为了当今世界上第一个将安乐死合法化的国家,安乐死运动在一国已彻底取得了胜利。最近,荷兰邻国比利时已开始制定有关允许实施“安乐死”的法律草案,西班牙也正在酝酿就此问题立法。
早在1987年,中国法学界、医学界和哲学界就开始了对安乐死问题的讨论(缘由是陕西汉中市的一家医院为一位女性肝硬化病人实施积极安乐死).,到目前为止,我国尚未对安乐死作太多的法律规定,只是仍将安乐死视为非法剥夺人的生存权利。在我国,合法剥夺他人生命的行为只有两种:一是由司法人员依法执行死刑;二是在符合正当防卫条件下的自卫杀人。但消极安乐死在我国被国人在文化心理和社会心理上所接受,并默许这种行为。虽然现在我国法学界、医学界的有关人士也在主张为积极安乐死立法,详细解释执行条件和步骤,但又因为安乐死所涉及的学术领域复杂,一时尚不能如愿地阐明。
二、安乐死基本理念之争
自安乐死出现始,其合法与否等问题就引起了极大的争论,理论上存在否认和赞成两种倾向。
否认安乐死的观点认为:人的生命具有绝对价值,“生命尊重之理念,是人类从事社会生活的基本要求。”现代社会伦理、典章制度,都是以此理念维系的。任何人都无权通过任何方式以任何理由来剥夺他人的生命。具体理由如下:(1)如承认安乐死的合法性则给他人的生命带来一种危机感,应和了“楔子理论”(“楔子理论”是台湾刑法理论界提出来的。他是指承认安乐死合法化可能引发非任意安乐死、杀人或大量虐杀的后遗症。),安乐死难避作为他人实施杀人工具的嫌疑,是违法行为合法化的外衣。(2)虽然现代科技有日新月异的发展,但医疗事故仍频频出现,医疗误诊也难以避免,这给安乐死对象(即病人是否身患绝症、是否临近死期)的确定造成了困难。如果承认安乐死,则有无端损害生命的隐患存在。(3)从医学发展的历史来看,没有永远根治不了的疾病,现在的不治之症,将来就可能被根治。而且,凡有顽症而避之,不符合科学的精神,不利于医学的发展。(4)救死扶伤是医生的基本职责。医生的职业道德要求其尽力去挽救人的生命,而不允许他们实施相反的行为。
而赞成者认为人有选择死亡的权利,在人实际上丧失继续生存的可能性时,结束其生命会带来良好的社会效应。理由如下:(1)人只要在不危及他人、社会和国家利益的前提下,结束自己的“残生”本身不是一件坏事,它有利于提高人的生命质量。安乐死是患有不治之症、临近死期、受尽痛苦的病人到达“生命彼岸”的优势性工具。(2)承认安乐死的合法性体现了对人的生命权(包括生存权和死亡权)的尊重。(3)救死扶伤虽为医德之要求,但当人们迫于伦理道德等方面的压力而竭力挽救一个痛苦难忍、无恢复之希望而自愿求死的人,实无多大的现实意义,这种做法丧失了相当的社会效益,必然会造成大量的人力、物力和财力资源的浪费,引致资源劣化配置,违背了市场经济条件下资源的配置原则。(4)建立一套科学的安乐死制度,做好肯定与否定的对象界定,分清罪与非罪的界限,即对安乐死行为予以褒扬,对故意杀人等犯罪予以严厉打击,有利于善良人性的张扬,维持社会秩序的稳定。
纵观两派关于安乐死的争论,主要围绕在生命神圣、至上观,个人独立价值观,同情论,本人同意论,关于医学新突破,危险先例论和功利观等方面,限于篇幅,本文不作详细介绍。
否定说片面宣扬安乐死的消极影响,抹煞了它的正面作用,忽视了社会的动态特征。而肯定说则过于强调安乐死的积极效应,看不到安乐死本身所固有的负面影响。对待安乐死应持既肯定又否定的扬弃态度,实行有保留的承认。
三、安乐死合法化的精神探源
尽管已有几个国家已明示或默示的方式认可了安乐死的事实,但反对的呼声仍是主流。在荷兰刚刚通过安乐死法案之后不久,俄、德、瑞典等国立即做出反应,表示反对安乐死合法化,而且在荷兰也发生过数起假借安乐死进行谋杀的案例。笔者认为,安乐死的合法化存在其独特的道德伦理基础、文化根底和精神渊源。
伦理是指处理人们之间相互关系应当遵循的道理和规则,是一种社会规范,它是对人生和社会生活的批判性反思。在当今社会,伦理道德的评价标准的外延不断扩大,生与死的社会价值也纳入到了伦理道德的整个评价标准体系。可以说:凡具有社会价值的死亡是符合道德的,不具有社会价值的死亡是不道德的。当然,这里所说的社会价值是积极的,纯粹意义上的,所谓的道德也是善的,因为“不是任何道德都具有积极的价值。反映反动统治阶级利益的道德,只具有伪价值。只有推动社会进步的道德,才具有真正的价值。”⑸“安乐死的实行首先是为了病人着想的,是为了生还无望已成为定向即将死去的人,而不是为还将活下去的人。一个健康、神志清醒的人,有选择死亡的自由,为什么一个身患绝症不能治愈的病人,就没有选择死亡的权利呢?这不公平。应该让身患绝症的病人有选择的自由,这是人的权利。”⑹基于这种思考,尊重人的趋死的合理选择,也就是维护人权。
实施安乐死存在坚实的道德基础。安乐死不是一个人在情绪冲击下的茫然行为,而是一个关涉道德、有充分理由的他灭性行为。死亡是一种必然,生存已失去了意义。严重的病情本身就是他怀疑生活意义的充分理由,病人选择安乐死,有效的维护了一种无价的价值。
在研究安乐死的合法形式时,我们有必要从社会学的角度进入“亚文化”和“主文化”两个概念.任何一国都存在“主文化”和“亚文化”,他们周延的代表了所有国民的价值观念。一个人亦或一些人的价值观念要么属于主文化,要么属于亚文化,不可能存在第三种倾向。因为社会大多数人总会产生一些共同的利益要求,沉淀成共同的善恶判断标准,从而造成在价值观念占主导地位的社会主文化群,基于主文化群的价值观念就会形成要求社会所有人必须接受的法律规范。而属于亚文化的价值观念相对于主流价值观念只能算是异类,它必须附和于主文化。据调查,上海对200位老人进行安乐死调查,赞成率为73%;北京市的500例问卷,赞成的有399人,占79.8%;河北职工医学院对保定市4001名工人、农民、干部和医务工作者进行调查,赞成安乐死的占61.59%⑺。
另外,在当今社会,随着科技的发展,人类文明的进化,人的思想意识发生了根本性的转变。当身患绝症、临近死期的患者,受到无比痛苦得折磨时,他真是生不如死,对于他实际上已失去了生活的原本意义,享受生活的真谛也无从谈起。这正好为安乐死的存在提供了精神支持。
四、安乐死的立法构想及结语
安乐死是一个涉及伦理、法律和医学等方面的一个非常复杂的问题。在当代社会,为制定政策和立法之目的,审视安乐死必须立足伦理,要围绕生命价值、个人自由和人权保障等来看待问题。讨论安乐死的最佳情景是国家经济、法制、医疗保障和公民的观念达到一定的发达水准,根本问题是病人的自由意志能够在物质和精神高度文明的基础上得到保障。从伦理上来讲,绝对禁止或全面开放安乐死均不可取,我国社会目前不具备讨论安乐死的理想条件,从立法上来讲,我们仍需创造条件。其中最为重要的是要严格规范安乐死使用的对象范围、主体范围、实施条件、申请程序、审查程序、操作程序,和明确擅自实行安乐死的刑事责任,不履行或不认真履行安乐死职责的刑事责任,并明确所要承担的民事责任。
其中以安乐死为例必须符合下列条件:(1)实施安乐死的对象必须是根据现代医学和技术断定已身患不治之症,并死期又迫在眼前的病患者;(2)实施安乐死的目的是为了减轻或消除病人的痛苦;(3)病人忍受的肉体痛苦,达到任何人都难以忍受的程度;(4)病人意思清楚并能表达自己的意识,必须有其本人真挚的嘱托和承诺,且该嘱托和承诺是在事前或行为当时作出。在病人无法表达时,近亲属及其他人不得代为请求,医生也不得主动实施;(5)除安乐死外,无其他可供选择的方法来减轻或消除痛苦;(6)应由医生实施,其他人无权实施,且实施安乐死必须有三名医生研究同意,在经主治医生批准;(7)实施安乐死的方法必须合乎伦理而且被认为是妥当的。
注释:
(1)怜杀是美国刑法界对安乐死的别称.参见储怀植著:《美国刑法》(第二版),北京大学出版社1996年版,第132页。
(2)参见David S.Oderberg,Applied Ethics(Oxford: Blackwell Pulishers Ltd )(2000),p48。
(3)该法案又称为《死亡权利法》,其允许个人在一项文件上签署,表明于死亡迫在眼前的情况下,可授权医生采取停止延续生命的措施。
(4)引自《环球时报》2001年4月17日第17版。
(5)李连科著:《价值哲学论》,商务印书馆1999年2月版,第246页。
(6)(7)欧阳涛:“安乐死的现状与立法”,载《法制与社会发展》1996年第5期。
MERCHANT SHIPPING (REGISTRATION) ORDINANCE
Hong Kong
MERCHANT SHIPPING (REGISTRATION) ORDINANCE
(CHAPTER 415)
ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS
ion.
I PRELIMINARY
hort title
nterpretation
pplication of Ordinance to certain structures, etc.
II ADMINISTRATION
egistrar of Ships
nstructions
rotection of public officers
III THE REGISTER
egister of ships
nspection, etc. of register
ectification of register
Correction of clerical errors in register
IV REGISTRATION OF SHIPS
strable ships and interests
Registrable ships
Registration of property in ships
urement and identification of ships
Tonnage regulations
Tonnage and description of ships
Tonnage of ships registered, etc. outside Hong Kong
Ship names regulations
Rules as to ship names
Marking of ship
stration procedures
Application for registration
Declarations by and on behalf of owners and demise charterers
Evidence on first registration
Refusal of registration
Entry of particulars in the register
Certificate of registry
Retention of documents
Port of registry
isional registration
Application for provisional registration
Entry of particulars in the register on provisional registration
Period of provisional registration
Certificate of provisional registration
Retention of documents on provisional registration
Application of Ordinance in relation to ships provisionally
registered
etc. of certificates and flags
Custody of certificate
Use of improper certificate
Replacement of lost, etc. certificate
Application of preceding sections to certificate of provisional
registry
Proper colours
V TRANSFERS AND TRANSMISSIONS
Application and interpretation of Part V
Transfer of ships
Declaration of transfer
Registration of transfer
Transmission of ship by operation of law
VI MORTGAGES
Definitions in Part VI
Mortgage of ship
Priority of mortgages, etc.
Mortgagee not treated as owner
Mortgagee to have power of disposal
Transfer of mortgage
Transmission of mortgage by operation of law
Discharge of mortgage
Power of disposal by owner
Trusts not recognized
Equities not excluded
VII CLOSURE OF REGISTRATION
es of owners, etc. in relation to registrability of ships
Notice of change of address, etc. of owner
Notice of dissolution, etc. of body corporate owner or charterer
Notice of termination of demise charter
Notice of loss, transfer, etc. of ship
Delivery of foreign certificate of deletion
ure of registration
Owner seeking closure of registration
Closure on receipt of notice concerning registrability
Closure on failure to comply with requirements of Ordinance
Closure on failure to pay fees or charges
Closure on failure of representative person to act, etc.
Closure by direction generally
Issue of certificate of deletion
Delivery of certificate of registry on closure
Register entries relating to mortgages
VIII REPRESENTATIVE PERSONS
Representative person
Notice of change of business by representative person
Notice of intention to cease acting
Duties, etc. of representative person
Notice to replace representative person
IX GOVERNMENT SHIPS
Meaning of "Government ship"
Registrability of Government ships
Application for registration of Government ship
Entry of particulars of Government ship in the register
Certificate of registry of Government ship
Retention of documents relating to Government ship
Transfer of registered Government ship
Application of Ordinance to Government ships
X MISCELLANEOUS
Alterations to ships
Registration a new
Grant of new certificate of registry
Mode of making declarations
Power of Registrar to dispense with declarations, etc.
False declarations or information
Documents, copies and admissibility in evidence
Service of documents
Taking detained ship to sea
Fees and charges regulations
References to ship registered in Hong Kong
Amendment of Schedules
Time limit for criminal proceedings
XI TRANSITIONAL SHIPS
Interpretation of Part XI
Ships registered under the Act
Ships not yet registered under the Act
Entry of particulars in respect of transitional ships
Certificate of registry for transitional ships
Retention of documents for transitional ships
Return of certificates issued under the Act
Transitional ship ceasing to be registrable
Application of Ordinance to transitional ships
XII CONSEQUENTIAL AND SAVINGS PROVISIONS
Application of Merchant Shipping Acts
Savings, amendments and repeals
dule 1. Proper colours of a registered ship
dule 2. Specified Ordinances
dule 3. Application of Ordinance to Government ships
dule 4. Application of Ordinance to transitional ships
dule 5. Amendments and repeals
rdinance to provide for the registration of ships in Hong Kong
and for
ted matters.
ecember 1990] L. N. 366 of 1990
PART I PRELIMINARY
hort title
Ordinance may be cited as the Merchant Shipping
(Registration)
nance.
nterpretation
In this Ordinance, unless the context otherwise requires-
horized surveyor" means a surveyor appointed by a Certifying
Authority
rred to in section 13 for the purposes of the tonnage regulations;
lder's certificate" in relation to a ship, means a certificate
signed
he builder of the ship and containing a true account of-
the proper denomination and tonnage of the ship, as estimated by
him;
the date when and place where the ship was built; and
the name of the person on whose account the ship was built;
tificate of deletion" means a certificate of deletion issued
under
ion 65; "certificate of provisional registry" means a
certificate of
isional registry granted under section 30 and a new
certificate of
isional registry granted under section 35;
tificate of registry" means a certificate of registry granted
under
ion 24, 77 or 98 and a new certificate of registry granted
under
ion 35 or 83; "certificate of survey" means a certificate
granted by
uthorized surveyor under section 14;
tificate or declaration of marking", in relation to a ship, means-
a certificate signed by an authorized surveyor; or
a declaration made in Hong Kong by one or more of the owners or
by the
se charterer of the ship,
ifying or declaring, as the case may be, that the ship's name and
port
egistry have been marked as directed by the Registrar;
mencement date" means the date appointed by the Governor under
section
) for the coming into operation of this Ordinance;
ise charter" means a charter party by which a ship is chartered
or let
emise and under which the demise charterer has the possession of
the
and has sole control of all matters relating to the navigation
and
ation of the ship including employment of the master and crew;
"demise
terer" means the charterer of a ship under a demise charter,
and in
tion to a registered or provisionally registered ship means a
person
stered as demise charterer under this Ordinance;
ector" means the Director of Marine;
eign certificate of deletion", in relation to a ship,
means a
ificate or other document issued by the relevant authority of a
place
ide Hong Kong and certifying or stating, as the case may be, to
the
ct that the ship has been deleted from the register of ships in
that
e;
ernment" means the Government of Hong Kong;
ntity card", in relation to any person, means an identity card
issued
hat person under the Registration of Persons Ordinance (Cap.
177);
tructions" means administrative instructions issued by the
Director
r section 5; "lodged" means delivered to and accepted by the
Registrar
ccordance with this Ordinance;
ter" includes every person (except a pilot) having command or
charge
ny ship;
er", in relation to a registered or provisionally registered
ship,
s a person registered as owner under this Ordinance;
"provisionally
stered", in relation to a ship, means provisionally registered
under
ion 28;
lified person" has the meaning assigned to it by section 11 (4);
ister" means the register of ships kept under section 7;
istered", in relation to a ship, means registered
under this
nance;
istrable", in relation to a ship, means able to be registered
under
Ordinance;
Registrar" means any person appointed as a Registrar of Ships
under
ion 4 (1) and, where the term is used in connection with a power
or
tion for the time being exercised by the Director pursuant to
section
), includes the Director;
resentative person", in relation to a ship, means the
representative
on for the time being appointed in relation to the ship under
section
p" means, subject to section 3, every description of vessel
capable of
gating in water not propelled by oars, and includes any ship, boat
or
t and an air-cushion vehicle or similar craft used wholly or
partly in
gation in water; "tonnage regulations" means regulations as
to the
age of ships made under section 13.
Where in relation to a ship or to any matter connected with a ship
any
ision of this Ordinance-
imposes a duty or liability on either of the owner or demise
charterer
he ship; or
provides for the service of notice on either of the owner or
demise
terer of the ship, the provision shall be construed as imposing
the
or liability or providing for the service of notice-
in the case of a ship registered or to be registered by
virtue of
ion 11 (1) (a), on the owner; or
in the case of a ship registered or to be registered by virtue
of
ion 11 (1) (b), on the demise charterer, but nothing
in this
ection shall prejudice or affect the operation of that provision
in so
as it imposes the duty or liability, or provides for the
service of
ce, as the case may be, on any person other than the owner or
demise
terer.
pplication of Ordinance to certain structures, etc.
Director may by notice published in the Gazette provide that a
thing
gned or adapted for use at sea and described in the notice is
or is
to be treated as a ship for the purpose of any provision of
this
nance specified in the notice, and any such notice may-
make different provision in relation to different occasions; and
if it provides that a thing is to be treated as a ship for the
purpose
provision specified in the notice, provide that the provision
shall
effect in relation to the craft with such modifications as
are so
ified.
PART II ADMINISTRATION
egistrar of Ships
The Director shall in writing appoint one or more public
officers to
egistrars of Ships.
The Registrar shall have such powers, functions and duties
as are
erred or imposed upon him by this Ordinance or any other law.
Without prejudice to subsection (2), the Director shall have and
may
cise the powers and functions of the Registrar referred to in
that
ection.
nstructions
The Director may issue to the Registrar and to other public
officers
administrative instructions not inconsistent with this
Ordinance as
appear to him to be necessary or expedient for the better carrying
out
he provisions of this Ordinance.
The Director shall publish such instructions in such manner as
he sees
Where in this Ordinance there is reference to a specified
form or
er-
that form or manner may be specified by the Director in
instructions;
if the instructions so provide, deviations from the specified
form or
er not affecting the substance thereof shall not invalidate that
form
anner.
The Registrar and any other public officer shall comply
with any
ructions issued to him.
rotection of public officers
No public officer shall be personally liable for any damage,
injury or
suffered or incurred by any person as a result of any act done
or
sion made by the public officer in good faith in the
exercise or
ormance or purported exercise or performance of any power,
function or
under this Ordinance.
The protection conferred on public officers by subsection
(1) in
ect of any act or omission shall not in any way affect any
liability
he Crown in tort for that act or omission.
PART III THE REGISTER
egister of ships
The Registrar shall keep a register of ships
registered or
isionally registered under this Ordinance.
The register shall contain such particulars in respect of
ships,
rs and their respective interests in ships, demise
charterers,
gagees and representative persons as are prescribed.
The register may be kept in legible or non-legible form but if
kept in
legible form any entry in the register shall be capable of
being
oduced in legible form.
nspection, etc. of register
person may, on payment of the prescribed fee-
inspect the register in legible form;
require to be furnished with a copy of, or extract from, any entry
in
register in legible form; or
require such copy or extract to be certified as a true copy by
or on
lf of the Registrar.
ectification of register
Where it appears to any person interested that there is a
material
r in the register, he may apply in writing to the
Director for
ification of the register.
Upon receipt of an application under subsection (1) the Director
may,
n his opinion there is a material error in the register-
direct the Registrar to rectify the register; or
subject to subsection (3), require the applicant to apply to the
High
t for rectification of the register.
Subsection (2) (b) shall not apply in any case where, in the
opinion
he Director, the material error is due to the negligence or wilful
act
mission of the Registrar.
Notice of an application to the High Court under this
section for
ification shall be served by the applicant on the Director
and the
ctor may appear and be heard in the proceedings.
The High Court may, in proceedings under this section-
make such order as it thinks fit concerning the rectification of
the
ster; and
decide any question that it is necessary or expedient to
decide
erning such rectification.
A copy of an order under subsection (5) shall be served
on the
ctor and the Registrar.
The Registrar shall-
comply with any direction to rectify the register under
subsection (2)
upon receipt of the copy of an order served under subsection (6),
and
he order so requires, rectify the register accordingly.
For the purposes of this section-
there is a material error in the register if there is an error
of fact
ubstance in the register;
without limiting the generality of paragraph (a), there is a
material
r in the register if-
an entry is omitted from the register;
an entry is made in the register without sufficient cause;
) an entry wrongly exists in the register; or
there is an error or defect in an entry in the register; and
the reference in paragraph (b) (i) to an entry omitted
from the
ster shall be read as including a reference to a matter
that is
ired or permitted by this Ordinance to be entered, or to remain,
in
register but is not entered in, or is removed from, the register.
The jurisdiction of the High Court under this section may be
exercised
he Registrar of the Supreme Court or a Master thereof.
Correction of clerical errors in register
Registrar may correct, or cause to be corrected, any clerical
error or
ous mistake in the register.
PART IV REGISTRATION OF SHIPS
Registrable ships and interests
Registrable ships
Subject to this Ordinance, a ship is registrable if-
a majority interest in the ship is owned by one or more
qualified
ons; or
the ship is operated under a demise charter by a body corporate
being
alified person (whether or not a majority interest in the
ship is
d by one or more qualified persons), and a representative
person is
inted in relation to the ship.
A registered ship ceases to be registrable if-
being a ship registered by virtue of subsection (1) (a), a
majority
rest in the ship ceases to be owned by one or more qualified
persons;
being a ship registered by virtue of subsection (1) (b)--
the ship ceases to be operated under a demise charter by
a body
orate being a qualified person (whether by reason of the
termination
he demise charter or otherwise);
the ship or any share in or part of the ship is
transferred or
smitted; or
) the rights of the demise charterer under the demise
charter are
gned;
the ship is taken in war or hostilities, as a result of which
the
r or demise charterer has lost control over the operation of the
ship;
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